TUGAS FINAL MORPHOLOGY

Nama: Arling. S
N.I.M : 45 11 101 074

 MORPHOLOGY………
       -  What is morphology?

1.       Fromkin and rodman, 1978 : 153.
                 Morphology is the study of word formation and the internal structure of words, and of the  rules by  which words are formed 

2.       Robins, 1980 : 146.

                   Morphology is the study of the grammatical structure of words.

3.       Stryker :forum sept-oct. 1969, vol. VII. No. 5. P. 16.

                    Morphology is the study of morphs.

-          What  are morpheme and words?

A.      Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman .

What is a word?

A word is a linguistic sign.

What is a morpheme?

Morpheme is the smallest unity of grammatical morph.

+ free morpheme is one that may constitute a word itself.

          If we look at the given example we can see that some morpheme like boy, gentle, man, and girl can constitute words by themselves. Other morpheme like –ish, -ness, un- , li- are never words, but always parts of words.

+ bound morpheme is one that appears with at least one other morpheme.

1.      Prefixes is a syllable put at the beginning of another word to change its meaning.

Example: → from nouns to verbs

∆ danger (noun)↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔endanger(verb)

∆ case (noun) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔encase (verb)

                 →from adjectives to verbs

∆ large (adj) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔enlarge (verb)

∆ rich (adj) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ enrich (verb)

                  → from nouns to nouns

∆ moral (noun) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ amoral (noun)

∆ wife (noun) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ exwife (noun)

                  → from verbs to verbs

∆ write (verb) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ rewrite (verb)

∆ cover (verb) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ uncover (verb)

                   → from adjectives to adjectives

∆ graphic (adj) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ monographic (adj)

∆ legal (adj) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ illegal (adj)

2.      Suffix is an affix that is added at the end of the word.

Example: → from nouns to adjectives

∆ cloud (noun) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ cloudy (adj)

∆ friend (noun) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ friendly (adj)

                       → from verbs to adjectives

∆ attract (verb) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ attractive (adj)

∆ agree (verb) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ agreeable (adj)

                      → from verbs to nouns

∆ break (verb) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ breakage (noun)

∆ arrive (verb) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ arrival (noun)

                      → from adjectives to nouns

∆ important (adj) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ importance (noun)

∆ human (adj) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ humanism (noun)

                      → from adjectives to verbs

∆ real (adj) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ realize (verb)

∆ just (adj) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ justify (verb)

                      → from adjectives to adverbs

∆ kind (adj) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ kindly (adverb)

∆ nice (adj) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ nicely (adverb)

                      → from nouns to nouns

∆ life (noun) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ lifer (noun)

∆ library (noun) ↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔↔ librarian (noun)

B.      R. H. Robins

What is a word?

                When sentences of the same language are studied and compared, it is saen that certain stretehes  in them exhibit an internal stability peculiar to themselves.

What is a morpheme?

                 A morpheme is the minimal grammatical unit.

Free morpheme and bound morpheme

                 A free morpheme iss one that may constitute a word by itself. A bound morpheme is one that appars with a least one other morpheme.

Bound or free in a word::::

Example : cat  , bag   ,  house

                   Cats, bags, houses

Root and affixes

                  Root a part of the word structure, which are left when all the affixes heve been removed.  Roor morpheme may be bound or free, and they are potentially unlimited in number in a language.

                   Affixes are bound morpheme; they are limited in number, though their numbers very from language to language, and they may be exhaustively listed. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme, and therefore monomorphemic words may be said to comprise a single root.

                  Affixes comprise prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and confixes. Englishg, however, does not have any infixes and confixes. Affixes generally tend to be shorter than roots. Roots may be bound or free.

 What is a polymorphemic word?

                   A polymorphemic word consist of more than one morpheme. A word consisting of one morpheme is a monomorphemic word. Two or more roots may co-occur in a single word, with or without affixes; such words are often called copound word.

C.      Shirley L Stryker

What is a word?

                   A word may be one morph, like the word boy, or a word may contain two or more morphs, as in the words boys and inability. In other words, words are formed of single morphs or groups of morphs combined according to patterns.

What is a morph?

                    A morph is the minimal meaningful sound unit or combination which may be isolated or grouped. Morph which can isolated, and constitute words themselves are called free morphs, and those which can not constitute words themselves when they are isolated are called bound morphs.

                   Bound morphs are affixes, and the affixes are of two kinds namely inflectional affixes and derivational affixas. The inflectional affixes suffixes carry grammatical meaning but do not change the class of words two which they are joined. Derivational affixes in English consist of prefixes and suffixes. They may mark a change of the class of the words.

D.      Nida

What is a morpheme?

                   Morpheme are the minimal meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words and the isolation of morphemes is done by comparing forms.